قطعة مراجعة (انجليزي)

       Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

 

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (also known as Madiba), a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election. Mandela was born to the Thembu royal family. He attended Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand where he studied law. After the Afrikaner nationalists of the National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, a system of racial segragation, he rose to prominence in the the African National Congress's 1952 Defiance Campaign. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, he was arrested in 1962, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial.

An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 after 27 years of imprisonment. Becoming ANC President, Mandela led negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multi-racial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory. He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity. As President, he established a new constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses, while introducing policies to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services.

 

Comprehension:

Nelson Mnadela was the president of South Africa from 1990 to 1999
a. True
b. False

He was arrested once.
a. True
b. False

He was imprisoned because of his anti-racial fight.
a. True
b. False

He was released after 27 years of imprisonment, in 1990.
a. True
b. False

 

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قطعة مراجعة(انجليزي)

  The 2010 world cup (South Africa)

The 2010 world cup football (soccer) competition will take place in South Africa between June 11 and July 11, 2010. This will be the 19th FIFA World Cup. It is an event that is held every four years.

This will be the first time that the world cup is held in an African country. South Africa competed against Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia and Libya ( Tunisia and Libya offered to co-host the competition) for the organization of the event. Following the decision of the FIFA Executive Committee not to allow co-hosted tournaments, Tunisia withdrew from the bidding process. The committee also decided not to consider Libya's solo bid as it no longer met all the stipulations laid down in the official List of Requirements. After one round of voting, the winning bid was announced by FIFA president Sepp Blatter at a media conference on 15 May 2004 in Zürich. South Africa was awarded the rights to host the tournament as it got 14 votes, defeating Morocco (10 votes) and Egypt (0 votes)

During 2006 to 2007, a lot of rumors circulated in various news sources that the 2010 World Cup could be moved to another country. Some people expressed concern over the planning, organization, and pace of South Africa's preparations. Others even expressed concerns over the safety of world cup visitors. In fact, South Africa has a high rate of criminality. However, FIFA officials repeatedly expressed their confidence in South Africa as host and showed their trust in the ability of the country to organize the competition successfully.

 

Comprehension:

South Africa is the
a. first country to hold the world cup.
b. first African country to hold the world cup.

There were
a. five countries competing to hold the event.
b. three countries competing to hold the event.

The country which was a real opponent to south Africa in winning the bid was
a. Egypt
b. Morocco

FIFA officials are
a. confident in the ability of South Africans to hold the event.
b. skeptical about the ability of South Africans to hold the event.

 

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قطعة مراجعة (انجليزي)

The Great Wall Of China

The Great Wall of China, one of the greatest wonders of the world, was first built between 220–206 BC. In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great" wall until the Qin Dynasty. Emperor Qin Shihuang succeeded in his effort to have the walls joined together to serve as fortification to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire from invasion. Afterwards it was rebuilt and maintained over the years, between the 5th century BC and the 16th century.

One of the myths associated with the Great Wall of China is that it is the only man-made structure that can be seen from the moon with the naked eye. The legend originated in Richard Halliburton's 1938 book Second Book of Marvels. However, This myth is simply not true. Richard Halliburton's claim was contradicted by astronauts Neil Armstrongby and Yang Liwei. A more plausible assumption would be to say that the Great Wall can be visible from a low orbit of the earth which is not unique in this regard as many other artificial constructions can be seen from that height.

 

Comprehension

The Great Wall of China was first built as a single wall.
a. True
b. False

The Great Wall of China
a. was built in a single dynasty.
b. was refurbished during its history.

The Great Wall was first designed
a. to protect the Empire from invasion.
b. to help trade between different provinces.

The wall can be seen from moon with the naked eye.
a. True.
b. False.

 

 

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